By: Sulistyo-Basuki
Source: Sulistyo-Basuki's Blog
Source: Sulistyo-Basuki's Blog
Abstracts
Establishment of graduate schools.
Note :
*Colloquium is the same with seminar, albeit the graduate students must present her or his proposal to students from other department. This is specific in Bogor Agricultural University.
+Although some course name is slightly different , the content almost the same.
Although the library education in Indonesia has been in existence since 1952, the formal division of academic and vocational program for librarian just begin in 1987 when the government issued a decree on the vocational (then called diploma program ) and academic program. The academic program consist of undergraduate, graduate and doctorate programs. The 1987 decree marked the differences from the previous educational system inherited from the Dutch system and has been operated for decades. The Dutch-inherited-educational system consist of Sardjana Muda program (a three years course after senior high school), Sarjana (five years studying after senior high school) and direct to doctorate program. Prior to 1987 decree, there are known about 7 institutions which produced Sarjana holders and the opinion of that time is that Sarjana degree is more or less than bachelors’ degree, in Anglo-Saxon context, hence it is necessary to open graduate program or Pascasarjana (in Bahasa Indonesia). Based on the 1987 government decree, the University of Indonesia established the nation’s first graduate program in library and information science in 1990, followed by University of Padjadjaran (in Bandung, West Java) in 2003, Gadjah Mada University (Yogyakarta) in 2003, Bogor Agricultural University (in Bogor, West Java) in 2006 and Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University (Yogyakarta) in 2008.. Before 2000, the operation of graduate programs is conducted by School of Graduate Studies, but afterward the operations was transferred to the related departments of the faculty (for example LIS department at the University of Indonesia is under the supervision of the Faculty of Humanities, University of Padjadjaran under Faculty of Communication, Bogor Agricultural University under School of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada under Faculty of Humanities and Sunan Kalijaga under Faculty of Adab (whch means in Arabic civilization, it means Humanities). A survey was conducted on the curriculum LIS graduate programs.The methods used are inspecting the available documents such as brochures, reports,etc., web site visits, physical visits to each program, interviews with the department head and personal communication with the concerning parties. The survey found that only three courses are similar that are Research methods, Seminar on research proposals and Theses; between two or three courses have the same component although different names, while the others are totally different. The differences are caused by the different Faculties which supervise the programs, for example at Bogor Agricultural University the program are operated by the Department of Computer Science hence their courses and theses stress on technological aspects, University of Padjadjaran under the Department of Communication caused the research topics mainly on communication, or communication-related-topics while at Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University under the Department of Interdisciplinary Studies which indirectly influenced the theses should be directly or indirectly to Islam,; while the programs at the University of Indonesia and Gadjah Mada University although under the Faculty of Humanities, there are differences caused by the different background of the lecturers and the different approaches toward LIS It is suggested that there should be a consortia consists of those five graduate programs resembling the LIS undergraduate consortium established in 2012, the possibility of developing a nation-wide-compulsory courses for graduate programs with the credit hours as minimum as possible so that the operator could developed the other courses to adjust to the unique institutions’ vision and mission and also iti is suggested that there are regular meetings among the operators.
Keywords: Indonesia, Library Education, Library and Information Science, Graduate Program
Background
Although library education in Indonesia has been e xisted since 1952 with the opening of Kursus Pendidikan Pegawai Perpustakaan (Sulistyo, 1992; Vreede de Stuers, 1953 ; Soemarsidik 1961; Sulistyo,1994) however the existence of graduate education for Library and Information Science (LIS) was just began in 1989 when the government issued Act of National Educational System. . That Act abolished the Dutch-inherited system which consists of Sarjana Muda (three years after senior high school, Sarjana five years after senior high school) and Doktor degrees.. That year marked the recognition of the higher education program which consists of professional and academic mainstream. This recognition was reinforced by National Educational System Act in 1989. The latest act on higher education is Higher education Act 0f 2012 which divide higher education into vocational and academic programs. Formerly vocational program was known as program prosesional based on 1989 National Educational System Act. (Undang-Undang…1989)
The vocational program was conducted through Program Diploma (Diploma Program) which began from Diploma 1 through 4, then continued to Magister Terapan latter on to Doktor Terapan programme.(Diploma 1 means it was one-year course after senior high school, diploma 2 is two –year course etc. Program Magister Terapan is a graduate programe after finishing Diploma which is a terminal program because after finishing specialist, he or she could not continue to doctorate program. The academic program began with program Sarjana which is equal to undergraduate studies , then followed by Program Pascasarjana or graduate and or post-graduate program. This pascasarjana program is equal to master’s degree program in the Anglo-Saxon system.
The current system as result of Higher Education Act of 12 is slightly different from the 1989 National Educational System Act. The professional program was changed to vocational program, consist of diploma program (from diploma 1 to 4), continued to graduate program called application master degree, then followed by doctorate degree called application doctorate. For academic program is till the same with 1989 National Educational Act i.s. program sarjana, pascasarjana and doktor or undergraduate, graduate and doctorate degree program. However the latest development was beyond the scope of this paper.
Establishment of graduate schools.
Based on the 1989 National Education Act, University of Indonesia (Jakarta) established its LIS graduate program in 1990, followed by a special project from then Ministry of Education to train manpower in its 27 provincial offices. The Ministry appointed 27 candidates taken from the existing provinces and applied to University of Indonesia on certain condition that their proposed candidates should be accepted in University of Indonesia’s LIS graduate program without entrance exams, but they could pay the tuition as required by the university (at that time the tuition for LIS program is higher than the Faculty of Letters’ gradute program).
The University of Indonesia’s School of Graduate Studies rejected the proposal and instead they are accepted at Gadjah Mada University (Universitas Gadjah Mada) in Yogyakarta. That’s why Gadjah Mada University claimed its graduate program in 1996 then closed in 1999, reopened again in 2003 (Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2010). Padjadjaran University in Bandung, West Java (Universitas Padjdjaran) opened its graduate program in 2003, followed by Bogor Agricultural University in Bogor, West Java (Institut Pertanian Bogor) in West Java in 2006 and followed by Sunan Kalijaga Islamic State University in Yogyakarta, Central Java (Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Klaijaga) in 2008. So by now there are 5 graduate program in ILS (Table 1)
| Name of courses | UI | UGM | Unpad | IPB | UIN Suka |
| University of Indonesia | |||||
| (1) Philosophy and Methodology of Science | X | X | X | – | – |
| (2) Theories of Culture | X | – | – | – | – |
| (3) Information society | X | – | – | – | – |
| (4) Organization of Information | X | – | – | X | X |
| (5) Information System | X | – | – | – | – |
| (6) Information Management | X | – | – | X | X |
| (7) Archives and Records Management | X | – | – | – | X |
| (8)Collection Management | X | – | X | X | X |
| (9)Information Resources | X | – | X | X | X |
| (10)Management of Knowledge Culture | X | X | X | X | X |
| (11) Seminar on research proposal | X | X | X | X | X |
| (12) Theses | X | X | X | X | X |
| Name of courses | UI | UGM | Unpad | IPB | UIN Suka |
| Gadjah Mada University | |||||
| (1) Current issues on Communication | – | X | – | – | – |
| (2) Theories of Development and Information | – | X | – | – | – |
| (3) Research methodology in Communication Science | – | X | X | – | – |
| (4) Theories of Sociology | – | X | – | – | – |
| (5) Informational Human Resources | – | X | – | – | – |
| (6) Indonesian Society and Culture | – | X | – | – | – |
| (7) Philosophy of Science | X | X | X | – | – |
| (8) Management of Information Service Support | – | X | – | – | – |
| (9) Library Operational System | – | X | – | – | – |
| (10) IT-based information service | – | X | – | – | – |
| 11)Management of Institutions and Libraries | X | X | X | – | X |
| (12) Public relations and library promotions | X | X | X | X | X |
| (13) Seminar on theses proposal | X | X | X | X | X |
| (14) Theses | X | X | X | X | X |
| Name of courses | UI | UGM | Unpad | IPB | UIN Suka |
| Padjadjaran University | |||||
| (1) Seminar on research proposal | X | X | X | X | X |
| (2) Philosophy of science | X | X | X | – | – |
| (3) Scientific bases of Communication Science | – | – | X | – | – |
| (4) Theories of communication | – | – | X | – | – |
| (5) Research methods in Communication (Quantitative) | – | – | X | – | – |
| (6) Research methods in Communication (Qualitative) | – | – | X | – | – |
| (7) Information Service System | – | – | X | – | – |
| (8) Management of Information Preservation | – | – | X | – | – |
| (9) Communication and Information Media Technology | – | – | X | – | – |
| (10) Communication and Information Resource | – | – | X | – | – |
| (11) Management of Documentation System | X | X | X | – | X |
| (12) Management of Information Institutional System | X | X | X | X | X |
| (13) Management of Information Marketing | – | X | X | – | – |
| (14) Theses | X | X | X | X | X |
| Name of courses | UI | UGM | Unpad | IPB | UIN Suka |
| Bogor AgriculturalUniversity | |||||
| (1) Management of Library database | – | – | – | X | – |
| (2) Perspective of Library and Information Science | – | – | – | X | – |
| (3) Organization of Information | X | X | – | X | X |
| (4) English language | – | – | – | X | – |
| (5) Information resources | X | – | X | X | X |
| (6) Management of Information Technology | – | – | – | X | – |
| (7) Research Methodology, consists of Research Methodology 1,2, and 3 | X | X | X | X | X |
| (8) Colloquium* | X | X | X | X | X |
| (9) Theses | X | X | X | X | X |
| Name of courses | UI | UGM | Unpad | IPB | UIN Suka |
| Sunan Kalijaga Islamic State University | |||||
| (1) Libraries and information in the cultural and social contexts | – | – | – | – | X |
| (2) Organization and analysis of information | X | – | – | X | X |
| (3) Information resources and services | X | X | – | X | X |
| (4) Approaches toward Islamic studies | – | – | – | – | X |
| (5) Islam in librarianship context | – | – | – | – | X |
| (6) Libraries and information centers management | X | X | – | – | X |
| (7) Collection Management | X | – | – | – | X |
| (8) Digital libraries and information portal | – | – | – | – | X |
| (9) Archives Management | X | – | – | – | X |
| (10) Research methodology | – | – | – | – | X |
| (11) Design of Information Systems | – | – | – | – | X |
| (12) Seminar | X | X | X | X | X |
| (13) Theses | X | X | X | X | X |
Source: Sulistyo (2013) from various resources
Note :
*Colloquium is the same with seminar, albeit the graduate students must present her or his proposal to students from other department. This is specific in Bogor Agricultural University.
+Although some course name is slightly different , the content almost the same.
Findings
The similar courses are three, that is Research Methodology, Seminar and Theses. Which are found among the 5 universities, The name seminar is found among the four institutions while the Bogor Agricultural University s using the term colloquium. The method is slightly different, in colloquium the student presents his or her theses proposal among students from her or his class as well as students from other studies. The required colloquium is 4 times presentation.
Three courses are shared by the four institutions that are Information Organization, Management of Institutions and Libraries and Information Resources commonly known as Reference, although the term is slightly different but basically the same. Course title Management of Institutions and Libraries is the same with Management of Libraries and Information Centers (cf Stueart, 2010) as the course contents is the same. Meanwhile Padjadjaran University maintained the course with different name i.e. Management of Documentation System because the majority of its graduates are working in the mass communication field in which the term documentation is more popular than the term libraries or information centres.
Three courses are shared by three institutions, i.e. Collection management and Philosophy of Science; two courses i.e. Archives Management, Information Marketing which are shared by two institutions. The others are not similar and indirectly reflected the institutions’ main interest.. University of Indonesia program which offered course on Bibliometrics / Informetrics was dropped but at Bogor Agricultural University it was a compulsory course.
Cause of differences
The main reason why the courses are different are caused by the faculty which supervises the LIS graduate program. At the University of Indonesia, the LIS programme comes under the Faculty of Humanities, the same with Gadjah Mada University and Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University. The program at the University of Indonesia operated by the Department of Library and Information Science, however at Gadjah Mada University under Department of Cyber media and Culture, the LIS program is just an extension of the program, not an independent department. The case is also the same with Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University which comes under the Islamic Interdisciplinary Studies, Faculty of Humanities and so does with Padjadjaran University whose graduate LIS program s under the jurisdiction of the Department of Communication. At the Bogor Agricultural University, the LIS graduate program come under the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics through its Department of Computer Science. Such different departments could explain why there are differences in the courses.
Right now no national curriculum for graduate program, it is different from its sister the undergraduate program., which has its own national curriculum for the undergraduate program. Although it is limited to no more than about 50 credits out of the minimum 144 credits for LIS undergraduate program, it is accepted by the current 13 universities (Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, 2013) although in the author’s survey the total is 17 institutions.
A question posed is it really necessary to establish a national curriculum for LIS graduate program? Is it not enough that there are three courses (Research methodology, Seminar on research / theses proposal and Theses) similar in the graduate programs? Arguably it is necessary to establish common graduate LIS courses. The approach as suggested by Moore et al. (1998) perhaps should be considered although its publication date is rather obsolete. Also the four pillars of education which is consists of learning to know, learning to do, learning to live together and learning to be as mentioned in the Delors Report (1996) should be considered also. Such philosophy still used in Indonesia albeit for undergraduate curriculum.
The difficulty in developing a LIS graduate curriculum also related to the enrollment policy. The graduate program enroll students with bachelor’s degree on LIS and non-LIS \ respectively. For non-LIS new students, the program must offer courses on library-and-information related courses such as Organization of Information, Information resources, Library and Information Centers Management; however for the LIS degree holders, such courses are not new as that courses has been taught at the undergraduate level. Offering brand new courses such as Theories of Culture, Issues on Communication perhaps can be a solution, however it is not suitable with the non-LIS degree students as some of them have learned it in their undergraduate program; hence the LIS program operators face the complicated situation in designing the courses which suits for the LIS-based and non-LIS based students.
Conclusion
The survey found that only three courses are shared by all the five LIS graduate schools, there four, three and two courses shared by the universities. The differences could be traced to the faculty and departments which operating the graduate program as the institutions are difference, for example Faculty of Communication is different from Faculty of Computer Science. Although there are three similar faculties (Faculty of Humanities at the University of Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University and Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University) there is still differences regarding the course because of the different nature of the department.
At University of Indonesia, the graduate LIS is operating under the Department of Library and Information Science while at Gadjah Mada University, the LIS graduate program is not operated by the LIS department (it is not exists), it is just a specialization of the other programs. It is suggested the association of the graduate LIS program in order to solve common problems.
References
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